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This report provides a feasibility study of Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO) production from ethylene in the United States using a process similar to Sasol Technology. In this process, ethylene is oligomerized to produce mainly C6 and C8 linear alpha-olefins.
This study approaches a typical extraction process for Caffeine production from green coffee beans. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of a typical Caffeine production process from tea leaves waste in the United States via an extraction process.
This report presents the economics of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) production from ammonia, nitric acid, and lime meal in the United States, via a typical neutralization under pressure process. In this process, nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia producing ammonium nitrate. Lime meal is added in the granulation step for CAN production.
This report examines the costs related to Calcium Carbide production process from limestone and coke in the United States, using a typical electric arc furnace process. In the process, limestone is calcinated to lime, which reacts with coke in an electric arc furnace, producing calcium carbide.
This study approaches the economics of Calcium Carbide production from limestone and coke in the United States via a oxy-thermal process. This process is based on the combustion of the carbonaceous material with oxygen in the presence of lime (generated by calcination of limestone raw material).
This report presents the economics of Calcium Carbonate production from lime in the United States, via a typical process. In this process, lime reacts with water producing calcium hydroxide, which is further carbonated with carbon dioxide to produce PCC.
This report presents the economics of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) production from lime and sodium carbonate in the United States, via a conventional lime-soda process. In this process, calcium hydroxide is generated by treating lime with water. Then, calcium hydroxide reacts with soda ash. Besides PCC, an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is also obtained as product.
This report presents the economics of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) production from limestone in the United States, via a typical process. Limestone is first calcinated. The product reacts with water producing calcium hydroxide, which is further carbonated with carbon dioxide from calcination to produce PCC.
This report presents the economics of a typical Calcium Gluconate production process from glucose, sodium bromide, and calcium carbonate in the United States. Initially, glucose dissolved in a sodium bromide solution is electrolyzed and is oxidized to gluconic acid. The resulting acid is then neutralized by calcium carbonate, producing calcium gluconate.
This report presents the economics of Calcium Hypochlorite production from slaked lime and chlorine via a typical calcium process. In this process, slaked lime is hydrated and chlorinated. A mixture of Calcium Hypochlorite, calcium chloride, and calcium hydroxide (also known as bleaching powder) is obtained as the final product. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Calcium Hypochlorite (70 wt%) production from slaked lime, sodium hydroxide and chlorine via a typical sodium process. In this process, chlorine is passed into a slurry of slaked lime and sodium hydroxide, generating calcium hypochlorite and sodium chloride. The economic analysis is based on a plant located in the United States.
This report analyses the economics of a Calcium Sulfate production process from gypsum in the United States, via a typical dehydration process. In this process, gypsum is initially crushed and then is calcinated, yielding dried calcium sulfate.
This report presents the economics of Caprolactam production from cyclohexane located in the United States. Initially, cyclohexane is oxidized to a cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone. Then, the cyclohexanol is hydrogenated to cyclohexanone, which is submitted to an oximation reaction with hydroxylamine. Finally, the cyclohexanone oxime produced is converted to Caprolactam by Beckmann rearrangement.
This report concerns the production of Caprolactam from cyclohexane in the United States. This report reviews a cyclohexane photonitrozation process (PNC). Initially, cyclohexane is submitted to PNC with nitrosyl chloride. The oxime produced is then subjected to Beckmann rearrangement and Caprolactam is formed.
This report presents the economics of Caprolactam production from benzene located in the United States. Initially, benzene is hydrogenated to cyclohexane, which is oxidized to cyclohexanone. Then, the cyclohexanone undergoes an oximation reaction with hydroxylamine. Finally, the oxime produced is rearranged to Caprolactam.
This feasibility study shows the economics of a Caprolactam production process from butadiene and hydrogen cyanide based on an industrial plant located in the United States. Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) is generated as by-product in the process under analysis.
This report presents the cost associated with a plant located in the United States producing Caprolactam from butadiene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and ammonia. The process under analysis involves the following steps: reaction of carbon monoxide with butadiene; hydrocarbonylation; amination and cyclization.
This report presents the economics of Caprolactam production from cyclohexanone in a plant located in the United States. In the process examined, the cyclohexanone feed undergoes an oximation reaction with hydroxilamine. The oxime produced is rearranged to Caprolactam.
This feasibility study examines the economics of a process producing Caprolactam from phenol located in the United States. Initially, phenol is hydrogenated to form cyclohexanone. The cyclohexanone is then submitted to an oximation reaction with hydroxylamine. Finally, the cyclohexanone oxime produced is converted to caprolactam by Beckmann rearrangement.
This study reviews the economics of a process for Caprolactam production from toluene. Initially, toluene is oxidized to benzoic acid, which is then hydrogenated to hexahydrobenzoic acid. The hexahydrobenzoic acid is reacted with nitrosyl sulfuric acid and oleum for caprolactam production. The economic analysis performed is based on a plant constructed in the United States.
This study approaches the economics of Carbon Black production from fuel oil in the United States via a typical oil-furnace process. In the process examined, the oil feed is combusted in a reactor, producing Carbon Black and tailgas. After cooling, the carbon black is separated from the tailgas, processed into pellets and dried.
This report presents the economics of a plant for Carbon Disulfide production from sulfur and natural gas in the United States. Molten sulfur is vaporized in a furnace and reacted with hot natural gas, yielding Carbon Disulfide. The gaseous reaction products are cooled and subjected to a series of purification steps for removing excess sulfur and recovering high-purity Carbon Disulfide liquid.
This report provides a techno-economic analysis of a typical Carbon Fiber production process starting from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber in the United States. In this process, PAN fiber is first stabilized. The stabilized PAN passes then through carbonization, surface treatment and sizing, before being winded.
This report presents a feasibility study of a process for Carbon Fiber production from petroleum pitch in the United States. The process starts with a preparation step that converts the pitch into mesophase pitch. The mesophase pitch is then stabilized and passes through carbonization, graphitization, surface treatment and sizing, before being wound.
This report presents the economics of a typical cryogenic partial condensation process for Carbon Monoxide (CO) production from synthesis gas (syngas) in the United States. In this process, CO and hydrogen from syngas are separated in heat exchangers at cryogenic temperatures.
The report provides the economics of Carrageenan production starting from seaweed, using a batch extraction process in the presence of calcium hydroxide. In this process, seaweed is chopped and washed. Then, Carrageenan is batch extracted in the presence of calcium hydroxide into an aqueous solution. Carrageenan is then recovered from the solution, while the seaweed residue is removed by filtration. This analysis considers a United States-based facility.
This report presents the economics of a typical Cefalotin production process in the United States. In this process, 2-TAC is reacted in 7-ACA suspension, with sodium acetate added to the reaction mixture for crystallization.
This study presents the economics of second generation Ethanol production from corn stover in the United States. The process under analysis consists in a biochemical conversion composed of three main steps. Initially, biomass undergoes pretreatment with dilute acid and ammonia conditioning. Then, the cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars, which are fermented to ethanol.
This study presents the economic analysis of Ethanol production from corn stover in the United States. The process under analysis consists in a biochemical conversion composed of three main steps. Initially, biomass undergoes pretreatment with dilute acid and overliming. Then, the cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars, which are fermented to ethanol.
This report presents the economics of second generation Ethanol production from switchgrass in the United States via a biochemical conversion process composed of three main steps. Initially, biomass undergoes pretreatment with dilute acid and ammonia conditioning. Then, the cellulose is hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars, which are fermented to Ethanol. Electricity is also generated.
This report approaches the economics of Green Chemical Grade (CG) Ethylene production from hydrous ethanol using a dehydration process similar to the process developed by Scientific Design. In this process, the reaction system is composed of only one reactor and one furnace. The study assumes a plant constructed in the United States.
This report provides a techno-economic analysis of Dibutyl Ketone (DBK) production from levulinic acid in the United States. In this process, levulinic acid is hydrogenated over two catalytic bed, generating Fuel Grade DBK (90 wt% purity), which is further purified to produce Chemical Grade DBK (99.5 wt% purity). Valeric acid (86 wt% purity) is also generated as by-product.
This study presents the costs associated with the construction of a plant for Chlorine Dioxide production from sodium chlorate in the United States. This process is based on the reduction of sodium chlorate, using hydrochloric acid as reducing agent, to produce Chlorine Dioxide.
This report presents the economics of Chlorine Dioxide production from sodium chlorate via a sulfuric acid-based reduction process. Sulfur dioxide is used as reductant. The economic analysis approaches a plant located in the United States.
This study presents the costs associated with the construction of a plant for Chlorine Dioxide production from chlorine in the United States. Initially, sodium chlorate is produced from caustic soda and hydrochloric acid solution via electrolysis. Hydrogen and chlorine are reacted in a furnace to form the pure hydrogen chloride. The sodium chlorate formed is then reduced with the hydrogen chloride to chlorine dioxide.
This analysis presents the costs associated with Chlorine production in the United States. The process reviewed in this study is similar to the ThyssenKrupp Uhde hydrogen chloride electrolysis process. In this process, HCl aqueous solution is decomposed electrolytically in a diaphragm cell, producing Chlorine and hydrogen.
This report evaluates Chlorine production from HCl in the United States. The process examined in this report is similar to the Dupont hydrogen chloride dry electrolysis process. In this process, anhydrous hydrogen chloride is decomposed electrolytically in gaseous phase.
This report presents the economics of secondary Chlorine production from hydrogen chloride. The analysis approaches a plant in the United States using a process similar to the Kel-Chlor process, technology based on the Deacon process. In this process, anhydrous hydrogen chloride is subjected to an oxidation reaction in the presence of catalysts producing Chlorine.
This study presents the economics of Chlorine production from sodium chloride via a diaphragm plant located in the United States. In the process under analysis, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) is decomposed electrolytically in a diaphragm cell, producing Chlorine, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.