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This study examines the economics of Aluminum Hydroxide (Aluminum Trihydroxide, ATH) production from bauxite via the typical Bayer process, in a plant located in the United States. In this process, bauxite is dissolved in a sodium hydroxide solution under pressure at elevated temperatures, solid impurities are separated, the Aluminum Hydroxide solution is subjected to crystallization, then filtered and dried.
This report presents the economics of a typical Aluminum Sulfate production process from bauxite and sulfuric acid in the United States. In this process, prepared bauxite ore is subjected to reaction with sulfuric acid, producing Aluminum Sulfate.
This report examines the costs related to Ammonia production from coal in China. In this process, coal undergoes pyrolysis, producing coke. It is then subjected to a gasification process. Coke reacts with steam and oxygen yielding mainly carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2). CO and water are shifted to CO2 and hydrogen. Finally, nitrogen and hydrogen react to produce ammonia.
This report examines the costs related to Ammonia production from heavy fuel oil. The process under analysis integrates a heavy fuel oil partial oxidation process for synthesis gas production with a unit that produces ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen. The economic analysis provided assumes a plant located in the United States.
This study approaches the economics of Ammonia manufacturing from natural gas in the United States. This report assumes a novel plant configuration reported in the literature, in which three chemical looping reactors, respectively fed by natural gas, steam and air are used. The outlet from the looping reactors is passed through compression and water separation steps to generate pure streams of nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen and hydrogen react to generate Ammonia.
This report presents the economics of Ammonia production from natural gas in the United States using a process similar to KBR Purifier process. In the process examined, syngas is initially produced from natural gas via a combined reforming. The syngas is purified through several steps into nitrogen and hydrogen which are synthesized to ammonia.
This report presents the economics of Ammonia production from synthesis gas (syngas). In this process, hydrogen, recovered from syngas feedstock, and nitrogen, recovered from air, react producing Ammonia. The economic analysis performed assumes a plant located in the United States.
This report presents the economics of a typical Ammonium Chloride production process from ammonia and hydrogen chloride in the United States via direct neutralization.
This report presents the economics of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate (ALS) production from chlorosulfonic acid, lauryl alcohol, and ammonium hydroxide in the United States. In the process examined, lauryl alcohol reacts with chlorosulfuric acid (sulfation agent). The product is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, producing the surfactant.
In this study, the production costs of Ammonium Nitrate porous prills (AN-PP) are reviewed. The process examined is a typical vacuum neutralization process using ammonia and nitric acid for ammonium nitrate production. It is then evaporated and transformed into AN-PP. The economic analysis presented assumes a plant constructed in the United States.
This report presents the economics of a typical neutralization under vacuum process for the production of Ammonium Nitrate solution. The study examines a plant located in the United States using gaseous ammonia and nitric acid as raw materials.
This report presents the economics of Amoxicillin Trihydrate production from D(-)p-hydroxyphenylglycine and 6-APA in the United States. The process examined is a conventional chemical synthesis (via the Dane salt route).
This report presents the economics of Aniline production from benzene, nitric acid and hydrogen in the United States. In this report, benzene is nitrated with mixed acid (nitric and sulfuric) to produce mononitrobenzene (MNB). Then, MNB is submitted to a liquid phase hydrogenation, being reduced to Aniline.
This report examines the costs related to the Aniline production from nitrobenzene and hydrogen in the USA. In this process, nitrobenzene is submitted to a liquid phase hydrogenation, being reduced to Aniline.
This report presents the economics of Aniline production from nitrobenzene and hydrogen in the United States through a process similar to BASF's vapor phase nitrobenzene hydrogenation. In this process, nitrobenzene is reduced to Aniline.
This study reviews the economics of a typical ammonolysis process for Aniline production from phenol. In this process, phenol is transformed into Aniline with ammonia in a fixed-bed reactor. The economic analysis performed is based on a plant constructed in the United States.
This report presents the economics of Argon recovery from atmospheric air in the United States. The process examined is a typical cryogenic distillation process for production of Argon also generating nitrogen and oxygen as products in large amounts.
This report presents the economics of a typical Azodicarbonamide production process from urea, hydrazine hydrate, and sodium dichromate in the United States. In the process examined, urea and hydrazine hydrate react to produce hydrazocarbonamide, which is oxidized to produce Azodicarbonamide.
This report presents the economics of a typical Barium Chloride production process from baryte, calcium chloride, and coke in the United States. In this process, baryte reacts directly with coke and calcium chloride, forming barium chloride.
This report analyses the economics of a typical Barium Nitrate production process from barium carbonate and dilute nitric acid in the United States. In the process, nitric acid is diluted and heated. Barium carbonate is added, producing Barium Nitrate.
This report also presents the economics of Benzene production from toluene in the United States. This assessment depicts a conventional toluene disproportionation process (TDP).
This study presents the economic analysis for the construction of an industrial plant for Benzene production from toluene in the United States. This study reviews a toluene hydrodealkylation (THDA) technology similar to Houdry's Detol. In this process, toluene is converted over a fixed-bed catalyst into Benzene.
It presents the economics of a selective toluene disproportionation process (STDP) for Benzene production in the United States. In the STDP, toluene is converted into benzene and xylenes (mainly, p-xylene). The reaction is carried out with a zeolitic catalyst, in a hydrogen atmosphere to minimize coke formation and side reactions.
This study shows a techno-economic analysis of Benzene production from light oil using a hydrodealkylation process similar to Lummus Litol technology. The light oil feedstock used is a product from coal coking process. A C6-C8 fraction is separated. Then, diolefins and styrene are hydrogenated. The effluent is finally converted to benzene by hydrodealkylation. The plant is assumed to be located in the United States.
This study provides the economics of Benzene production from naphtha in the United States using an integrated aromatics complex, which involves the co-production of p-Xylene. In this process, naphtha is reformed, and the reformate is separated into Benzene, xylenes and toluene, which undergoes disproportionation, forming the other two products.
This report examines the costs related to Benzene production from pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) in the United States using a typical extractive distillation process. Initially, pygas is fractionated into 3 hydrocarbon cuts. The C6s fraction is then fed to an extractive distillation system, using N-formylmorpholine (NFM) as solvent. to recover benzene.
This analysis presents the economics of Benzene production from pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) in the United States using a typical hydrodealkylation process. Initially, pygas is fractionated into 3 hydrocarbon cuts. The C6-C8 fraction is then directed to the hydrodealkylation step, in which the aromatics content in the process stream are converted into benzene
This study presents the economics of Benzene production from pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) in the United States. This study reviews a typical liquid-liquid extraction process. In the also called solvent extraction, mixed xylenes and a C5 stream are obtained as by-products.
This report presents the economics of Benzene production from reformate in the United States using a typical sulfolane liquid-liquid extraction process. The solvents extracts first the aromatics from the reformate. The aromatics are then stripped and separated into benzene, toluene and mixed xylenes.
This report shows the costs associated with Benzene production from toluene and heavy aromatics in the United States using a typical transalkylation process. In this process, toluene and heavy aromatics are converted to Benzene and xylenes (co-product).
This report presents the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-butene in the United States. The process examined in this report uses a slurry loop process similar to Borealis BORSTAR. The reaction system consists of a slurry loop and a gas phase reactor.
This report presents the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-butene in the United States, using a slurry process similar to LyondellBasell Hostalen and Mitsui CX. The polymerization is carried out in three CSTRs using hexane as diluent and a high-activity Ziegler catalyst system.
This report analyses the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-butene in the United States, using a gas-phase process similar to LyondellBasell Spherilene. In this process, ethylene and 1-butene are copolymerized using two fluidized-bed reactors in series.
This analysis presents the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-butene in the United States. The process examined is similar to Univation UNIPOL process. In this process, ethylene is polymerized in combination with 1-butene in the gas-phase in a reaction loop consisting of a fluidized-bed reactor, a compressor and a heat exchanger.
This report analyses the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-hexene in the United States. The process examined in this report uses two slurry loop reactors, similar to Chevron Phillips’ MarTECH Advanced Dual Loop (ADL) and INEOS INNOVENE S.
This report analyses the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-hexene in the United States, using a gas-phase process similar to LyondellBasell Spherilene. In this process, ethylene and 1-hexene are copolymerized using two fluidized-bed reactors in series.
This report analyses the economics of Bimodal High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) production from polymer grade (PG) ethylene and 1-octene in the United States, using a gas-phase process similar to LyondellBasell Spherilene. In this process, ethylene and 1-octene are copolymerized using two fluidized-bed reactors in series.
This report shows a feasibility study of bio-based Acrylic Acid production from glucose syrup in a plant assumed to be located in the United States. The process is based on the fermentation route of glucose, yielding Acrylic Acid, similar to the speculative process proposed by the Delft University of Technology.
This report presents the economics of bio-based Acrylic Acid production from glucose syrup in the United States using a fermentation process similar to Cargill process. Initially, glucose is fermented to produce 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HPA), which is then dehydrated to produce Acrylic Acid.
This report shows a feasibility study of bio-based Acrylic Acid production from glucose syrup in a plant assumed to be located in Germany. The process is based on the fermentation route of raw sugar, yielding Acrylic Acid, similar to the speculative process proposed by the Delft University of Technology.